A sugarcane crop is sensitive to climate, soil type, irrigation, fertilizers, insects, disease control, varieties, and the harvest period. A mature stalk is typically composed of 11–16% fiber, 12–16% soluble sugars, 2–3% nonsugar carbohydrates, and 63–73% water. The stems grow into cane stalk, which when mature, constitutes around 75% of the entire plant. Sugarcane is a tropical, perennial grass that forms lateral shoots at the base to produce multiple stems, typically 3 to 4 m (10 to 13 ft) high and about 5 cm (2 in) in diameter.
Average pulse rate driver#
The need for sugar crop laborers became a major driver of large migrations, some people voluntarily accepting indentured servitude and others forcibly imported as slaves. In the 18th century, sugarcane plantations began in the Caribbean, South American, Indian Ocean, and Pacific island nations. Merchants began to trade in sugar, which was considered a luxurious and expensive spice, from India. They adopted and then spread sugarcane agriculture.
The Persians and Greeks encountered the famous "reeds that produce honey without bees" in India between the sixth and fourth centuries BC. It was also introduced to southern China and India by Austronesian traders around 1200 to 1000 BC. It was introduced to Polynesia, Island Melanesia, and Madagascar in prehistoric times via Austronesian sailors. Sugarcane was an ancient crop of the Austronesian and Papuan people. The young, unexpanded flower head of Saccharum edule ( duruka) is eaten raw, steamed, or toasted, and prepared in various ways in Southeast Asia, such as certain island communities of Indonesia as well as in Oceanic countries like Fiji. In some regions, people use sugarcane reeds to make pens, mats, screens, and thatch. Products derived from fermentation of sugar include falernum, rum, and cachaça. It is consumed directly in confectionery, used to sweeten beverages, as a preservative in jams and conserves, as a decorative finish for cakes and pâtisserie, as a raw material in the food industry, or fermented to produce ethanol. Sucrose (table sugar) is extracted from sugarcane in specialized mill factories. All sugarcane species can interbreed, and the major commercial cultivars are complex hybrids. About 70% of the sugar produced comes from Saccharum officinarum and its hybrids. Sugarcane accounts for 79% of sugar produced globally (most of the rest is made from sugar beets). Grown in tropical and subtropical regions, sugarcane is the world's largest crop by production quantity, totaling 1.9 billion tonnes in 2020, with Brazil accounting for 40% of the world total. The plant is also grown for biofuel production, especially in Brazil, as the canes can be used directly to produce ethyl alcohol ( ethanol). It is native to the warm temperate and tropical regions of India, Southeast Asia, and New Guinea.
Sugarcanes belong to the grass family, Poaceae, an economically important flowering plant family that includes maize, wheat, rice, and sorghum, and many forage crops. The plants are 2–6 m (6–20 ft) tall with stout, jointed, fibrous stalks that are rich in sucrose, which accumulates in the stalk internodes. Sugarcane or sugar cane is a species of (often hybrid) tall, perennial grass (in the genus Saccharum, tribe Andropogoneae) that is used for sugar production.
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